Memory?
By Aali311
@Aali311 (6112)
United States
22 responses
@BRIJENDRA (926)
• India
13 Jan 07
Memory depends on age and health factor of the individual.Older the individual, weaker the memory, healthier the person, sharp the memory.What is your concept? Now depending upon goodness of your memory,now you can decide your own age and health.
@BRIJENDRA (926)
• India
26 Jan 07
Memory is a god gift.It depends upon healthiness,diet, happiness and age factor. As one will be older,memory will become weaker and weaker.
@borabogs (26)
• United States
26 Jan 07
our memory tends to be selective...i always treasure good memories and can easily recall good events in my life...happy moments...but with those negative incidents i just brush it off learn from that mistake and forget...but i do really have a photographic memory =)
@margieanneart (26423)
• United States
10 Dec 06
Hehehhe, what did you ask? Yes, my memory is not as sharp as when I was younger. I really need to concentrate more too.
@cristi20 (2139)
• Romania
9 Dec 06
In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. Although traditional studies of memory began in the realms of philosophy, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century put memory within the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In the recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a new branch of science called cognitive neuroscience, a marriage between cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
There are several ways of classifying memories, based on duration, nature and retrieval of information. From an information processing perspective there are three main stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:Encoding (processing and combining of received information)
Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information)
Retrieval/Recall (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity) [edit] Classification by duration
A basic and generally accepted classification of memory is based on the duration of memory retention, and identifies three distinct types of memory: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory.
The sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 200 - 500 ms after an item is perceived. Your ablitity to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling using the "partial report paradigm." Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of 4. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display, but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. However, by using a smaller number of items, the items in sensory memory could be transferred to short-term memory. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.
Some of the information in sensory memory is then transferred to short-term memory. Short-term memory allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute without rehearsal. If people are allowed to rehearse (repeat the information in their head) they can remember for even longer periods of time. George Miller, when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short term memory was 7 + or - 2 items (the title of his famous paper, "The magic number 7 +/- 2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically on the order of 4-5 items, and we know that memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, if presented with the string:FB IPH DTW AIB M
people are able to remember only a few items. However, if the same information is presented in this following way:FBI PHD TWA IBM
people can remember a great deal more letters. This is because they are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of letters.
The storage in the sensory memory and short term memory generally have a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is available for a certain period of time, but is not retained indefinitely. Stored information can be retrieved in a period of time which ranges from days to years; this type of memory is called long-term memory.
Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memories, on the other hand, are maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughtout the brain. The hippocampus is essential to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Rather, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months, or more, after the initial learning. One of the main functions of sleep is thought to be to improve consolidation of information, as it can be shown that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test, and that the hippocampus replays activity from the current day while sleeping.
For example, if we are given a random seven-digit number, we may remember it only for a few seconds and then forget,which means it was stored into our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repitition;those long-lasting memories are said to be stored in our long term memory.
Early theorists argued that the distinction between long and short term memories was arbitrary, reflecting nothing more than differing the levels of activity. However, since the 1960s, and the study of patients who have had lesions to the hippocampus and other brain stuctures, it is now clear that there are multiple memory systems in the brain, and that information must be transferred between these systems.
Additionally, the term working memory is used to refer to the short term store needed for certain mental tasks - it is not a synonym for short term memory, since it is defined not in terms of duration, but rather in terms of purpose. The most well-known, and well-developed theory of working memory was developed by Alan Baddeley who argued that it was composed of three parts: a "verbal store" (akin to rehearsing a phone number) a "visuo-spatial sketchpad" (for visual memory) and a "central executive" involved in control and rehearsal. It is possible to show that the verbal store and visuo-spatial sketchpad are independent systems by asking people to remember two sets of information, one verbal the other visual. Although there is a slight decrease in memory performance (thought to be due to increased load on the central executive) this decrease is much less than when people are asked to remember two sets of verbal or two sets of visual information. The neural bases of the verbal store and visuospatial sketchpad are thought to lie in the relevant sensory areas of the brain (auditory and visual cortex, respectively) while the central executive is thought to depend on frontal lobe structures.
[edit] Classification by information type
Long-term memory can be divided into declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memories. (Anderson, 1976)
Declarative memory requires conscious recall, in that some conscious process must call back the information. It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved.
Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory, which concerns facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory, which concerns information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as "Paris is the capital of France". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory. Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. We are able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual memory can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system or PRS underlies this phenomenon.[1]In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when we do better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but we are unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
So far, nobody has successfully been able to isolate the time dependence of these suggested memory structures.
[edit] Classification by temporal direction
Prospective Memory: Tying ribbon or string around a finger is the iconic mnemonic device for remembering a particular thought, which one consciously trains oneself to associate with the string.A further major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or whether the content is to be remembered in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic memory and episodic/autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox example is), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted hankerchiefs, or string around the finger (see box) are all examples of cues that are produced by people as a strategy to enhance prospective me
@ESKARENA1 (18261)
•
9 Dec 06
i think as you get older your short term memmory does seem to get worse nbut i have heard it is like any other muscle and if you dont use it as much it will detiriate, im not sure if this is true but it seems to work for me
@sweetboy8120 (199)
• India
12 Jan 07
i had a good memory at this age too. i am 25 years old and i never use telephone diaries to note down my telephone and mobile no.,i generally memorize these numbers. It is generally not difficult for me to memorize these numbers.
@happygal68 (3275)
• United States
8 Dec 06
I usually have a pretty good memory. It just depends on how I feel that day. If I am feeling good I seem to remember what I have to. But, if I am not feeling good (being sick or tired), then I usually forget things. When I was younger I was also like you: Read, hear, or see something I would remember it so easily. It is more of a challenge as I get older lol.
@nithila30 (1423)
• India
8 Dec 06
No i dont have very good memory now. i am losing it now becoz when i was kid i used to remm everything that happened in my child hood but not now .i am not able to remm a single bit which happened y'day.si have to work on it.
@achyuta (2851)
• United States
8 Dec 06
I do have a decent momory. This reminds me of a peom I wrote on memory, few years back. Hopefully you will like it.
Lost Some Memory
I think I've lost some memory
since Tushi was born
I don't remember sleeping late
on a lazy Sunday morn
I don't remember quiet dinners
with candlelight and pine.
Or getting up and ready for work
and making it there on time.
I don't remember summer days
just lounging on the beach
And those memories of "girls' night out"
are somehow out of reach.
I don't remember long warm baths
with bubbles and a good book
Or my favorite TV program
or a movie worth a look.
I can't remember all those things
I spent time on yesterday
And I can't remember life
being any other way.
And as I lay her down at night
and kiss this little girl
I can't remember so much happiness,
such love and joy in my world.