Inflow of Indian Brains to US

Well I am not from india but I can that the issues here not only apply to india but to some other country as well especially some asian country cause they normally have cery low pay in their own country and thus lot were choose not to come back to served thier own country.

History Historically, the greatest brain drains have been from rural to urban areas. In the 19th century and 20th century there were notable emigrations to North America from Europe, and in modern times, from developing nations to developed nations, especially after colonialism. Sometimes such drains have occurred between developed countries. [edit] Dark Ages One of the first documented brain drains occurred during the Dark Ages, when emigrants from the Byzantine Empire played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. Byzantium's rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid art, architecture, literature and technological achievements were built. It is a not altogether unfounded assumption that the Renaissance could not have flourished were it not for the groundwork laid in Byzantium, and the exodus of Greek scholars to the West after the fall of the Empire. [edit] Nazism and the United States brain gain The rise of the Nazis drove a great number of European scientists (many of whom were either Jewish or opposed to Nazism) to flee to the United States. European scientists played a large role in the success of the Manhattan project that built the first atomic bombs. Enrico Fermi, Albert Einstein, and many other European scientists joined the Manhattan Project. Atomic weapons science might be said to have had its genesis in Germany, which until the 1930s had been a center of physical and chemical research. During the immediate post-war period, Operation Paperclip was used to capture many German rocket engineers such as Wernher von Braun. Wernher von Braun and other German engineers used their research on the V-2 as a starting point for the US missile program. Without Wernher von Braun, the United States missile program would not have been able to make such quick progress. Many other German aerospace engineers used aerospace technology developed in Germany to design missiles and aircraft. As an example, the delta wing was first pioneered on the Messerschmidt Komet, which was used in the design of the US Space Shuttle Wing. [edit] Current brain drain issues [edit] The European Union The former Soviet Union countries and today's Russia continue to experience a brain drain in science, business, and culture, as many of their citizens leave for the United States of America, Israel, Europe, Japan, China and Latin America because of dramatic political and economic changes. The leaders of the initial post-Soviet governments of Russia destroyed many Soviet technological and research institutions because of these institutions' long-standing anti-Communist and anti-Socialist stances, a policy of economic “shock therapy”, and privatisation of scientific and research activities. In particular, Eastern European countries have expressed concerns about brain drain to Ireland and Britain. Lithuania, for example, has lost about 100,000 citizens in the last few years, many of them young and well-educated, to emigration to Ireland in particular. (Ireland itself used to suffer serious brain drain to America and Britain before the Celtic Tiger economic programs). The same phenomenon occurred in Poland after its entry into the European Union. At least 1 million Polish people, usually young and educated (90% of them under the age of 35), have emigrated to Western European countries since 1991, mostly to the United Kingdom and Ireland. Post-secondary education in the Soviet and Eastern European countries was, and still is, almost completely subsidized by the government, so that the loss of these people is immediately noted and regretted. There may be a brain drain occuring currently in France, with young graduates moving to Britain, USA, and Canada because of economic and labor regulations making it extensively difficult to find white-collar private jobs, but this is heavily disputed.

Other brain drains In Canada, brain drain to the United States, although an unproven phenomenon, is occasionally a domestic political issue. At times, brain drain is used as a justification for income tax cuts, although this causal relationship has been questioned. For example, Canadian conservatives often claim there is a drain from Canada to the United States, especially in the financial, software, aerospace, healthcare and entertainment industries, due to perceived higher wages and lower income taxes in the U.S., despite some statistical evidence to the contrary.[1] In many Latin American nations where enrollment at local medical schools is very high, there is a chronic shortage of doctors.

Measuring brain drain Brain drain is a social index that is difficult to measure. One statistically rigorous source is a US Census report called "Migration of the Young, Single, and College Educated: 1995 to 2000"[2], which used responses from the 2000 census long form, received by one in six households. The study discusses intra-national brain drains and gains within the US.

An opposite situation, in which many trained and talented individuals seek entrance into a country, is called a brain gain; this may create a brain drain in the nations that the individuals are leaving. A Canadian symposium in 2000 gave circulation to the new term, at a time when many highly-skilled Canadians were moving to the United States, while simultaneously many qualified immigrants were coming to Canada from a number of different nations. This is sometimes referred to as a 'brain exchange'. It should be noted, however, that the unemployment rate of skilled worker landed immigrants in Canada is 34%[3], at a significant cost to governments[4], bringing into question the extent of the net 'gain' to Canada. In 2000, the US Congress announced it was raising the annual cap on the number of temporary work visas granted to highly skilled professionals under its H1B visa program, from 115,000 to 195,000 per year, effective until 2003. That suggests a ballpark figure for the influx of talent into the United States at that time. A significant portion of this program was initiated by lobbyists from the computer industry, including Bill Gates.[5] In the same year the British government, in cooperation with the Wolfson Foundation, a research charity, launched a £20 million, five-year research award scheme aimed at drawing the return of the UK’s leading expatriate scientists and sparking the migration of top young researchers to the United Kingdom.

A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, or health hazards where they are living. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital that is no longer invested in the country where its owner lived and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost when a trained individual leaves and does not return. Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by his or her departure. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London coined the expression “brain drain” to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada in the early 1950s. Its counterpart is brain gain in the areas to which talent migrates. Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities. The second form is arguably worse, because it drains more resources from the home country.