Environmental tobacco smoke

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Wealthier and more educated non-smoking men are less exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) than their poor counterparts. For women no such differences were observed. Non-smokers were more frequently exposed to ETS in urban settings than in rural settings.Domestic exposure to smoky fuels Domestic use of smoky fuels (wood, coal and dung) for cooking and heating was strongly associated with poverty and was highest in the poorest group of men and women. Similarly, the use of smoky fuels was strongly associated with no education and even a few years of education had a protective effect. Men in the youngest age group were more likely to report the use of this fuel than men in the older age groups. Women in the 15 - 24 year age group also had the highest use of this type of fuel but women in the older age groups were not at a significantly reduced risk for this type of exposure. Domestic exposure to smoky fuels was highest in African men and women, and lowest in white men and women. The use of smoky fuels was significantly more common in rural areas